4KG Lava Rocks for Gas BBQ, Fire pit, Aquarium, Chiminea (4KG)

Product Information

Kushiro, Ikuo (2007). "Origin of magmas in subduction zones: a review of experimental studies". Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B. 83 (1): 1–15. Bibcode: 2007PJAB...83....1K. doi: 10.2183/pjab.83.1. PMC 3756732. PMID 24019580. Mahoney, John J. (1988). "Deccan Traps". Continental Flood Basalts. Petrology and Structural Geology. Vol.3. pp.151–194. doi: 10.1007/978-94-015-7805-9_5. ISBN 978-90-481-8458-3. Donnelly, Kathleen E.; Goldstein, Steven L.; Langmuir, Charles H.; Spiegelman, Marc (October 2004). "Origin of enriched ocean ridge basalts and implications for mantle dynamics". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 226 (3–4): 347–366. Bibcode: 2004E&PSL.226..347D. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.07.019.

Basalt - Wikipedia Basalt - Wikipedia

Keller, Jörg; Krafft, Maurice (November 1990). "Effusive natrocarbonatite activity of Oldoinyo Lengai, June 1988". Bulletin of Volcanology. 52 (8): 629–645. Bibcode: 1990BVol...52..629K. doi: 10.1007/BF00301213. S2CID 129106033. A pāhoehoe flow typically advances as a series of small lobes and toes that continually break out from a cooled crust. It also forms lava tubes where the minimal heat loss maintains a low viscosity. The surface texture of pāhoehoe flows varies widely, displaying all kinds of bizarre shapes often referred to as lava sculpture. With increasing distance from the source, pāhoehoe flows may change into ʻaʻā flows in response to heat loss and consequent increase in viscosity. [24] Experiments suggest that the transition takes place at a temperature between 1,200 and 1,170°C (2,190 and 2,140°F), with some dependence on shear rate. [61] [35] Pahoehoe lavas typically have a temperature of 1,100 to 1,200°C (2,010 to 2,190°F). [16]

Carbonatite and natrocarbonatite lavas are known from Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano in Tanzania, which is the sole example of an active carbonatite volcano. [31] Carbonatites in the geologic record are typically 75% carbonate minerals, with lesser amounts of silica-undersaturated silicate minerals (such as micas and olivine), apatite, magnetite, and pyrochlore. This may not reflect the original composition of the lava, which may have included sodium carbonate that was subsequently removed by hydrothermal activity, though laboratory experiments show that a calcite-rich magma is possible. Carbonatite lavas show stable isotope ratios indicating they are derived from the highly alkaline silicic lavas with which they are always associated, probably by separation of an immiscible phase. [32] Natrocarbonatite lavas of Ol Doinyo Lengai are composed mostly of sodium carbonate, with about half as much calcium carbonate and half again as much potassium carbonate, and minor amounts of halides, fluorides, and sulphates. The lavas are extremely fluid, with viscosities only slightly greater than water, and are very cool, with measured temperatures of 491 to 544°C (916 to 1,011°F). [33] Fresh lava is very hot. It can reach temperatures as high as 2,200° F (1,200° C). It glows red hot to white hot as it flows. Some lavas are liquid enough to flow downhill at 35 miles (55 kilometers) per hour. Others move at the rate of only inches per day. The speed of the flow depends on the temperature and composition of the lava. Ozerov, Alexei Y (January 2000). "The evolution of high-alumina basalts of the Klyuchevskoy volcano, Kamchatka, Russia, based on microprobe analyses of mineral inclusions" (PDF). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 95 (1–4): 65–79. Bibcode: 2000JVGR...95...65O. doi: 10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00118-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 March 2020.

Welcome to BGS - British Geological Survey

Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology (2nded.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88006-0. Examples of lava dome eruptions include the Novarupta dome, and successive lava domes of Mount St Helens. [72] Some silicate lavas have an elevated content of alkali metal oxides (sodium and potassium), particularly in regions of continental rifting, areas overlying deeply subducted plates, or at intraplate hotspots. [27] Their silica content can range from ultramafic ( nephelinites, basanites and tephrites) to felsic ( trachytes). They are more likely to be generated at greater depths in the mantle than subalkaline magmas. [28] Olivine nephelinite lavas are both ultramafic and highly alkaline, and are thought to have come from much deeper in the mantle of the Earth than other lavas. [29] Examples of lava compositions (wt%) [30] ComponentThe alkaline series – subgroups of alkaline basalts and the rare, very high potassium-bearing (i.e. shoshonitic) lavas. A "skylight" hole, about 6m (20ft) across, in a solidified lava crust reveals molten lava below (flowing towards the top right) in an eruption of Kīlauea in Hawaii lavas typically erupt at temperatures of 1,050 to 1,150°C (1,920 to 2,100°F) or greater. [58] [59] Pāhoehoe Pāhoehoe lava from Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii, United States The word lava comes from Italian and is probably derived from the Latin word labes, which means a fall or slide. [2] [3] An early use of the word in connection with extrusion of magma from below the surface is found in a short account of the 1737 eruption of Vesuvius, written by Francesco Serao, who described "a flow of fiery lava" as an analogy to the flow of water and mud down the flanks of the volcano (a lahar) after heavy rain. [4] [5] Properties of lava Composition Pāhoehoe and ʻaʻā lava flows side by side in Hawaii, September 2007 Lava fountains and flow at Piton de la Fournaise, 2016 10-metre-high (33ft) lava fountain in Hawaii, United States Satellite image of a lava flow erupted from SP Crater, Arizona