Laura Biagiotti Roma Uomo homme / men, Eau de Toilette, 1-pack (1 x 125 ml)

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As the Roman Empire lost, or ceded control of, territories to various barbarian rulers, the status of the Roman citizens in those provinces sometimes came into question. People born as Roman citizens in regions that then came under barbarian control could be subjected to the same prejudice as barbarians were. [82] [j] Over the course of the Roman Empire, men from nearly all of its provinces had come to rule as emperors. As such, Roman identity remained political, rather than ethnic, and open to people of various origins. This nature of Roman identity ensured that there was never a strong consolidation of a 'core identity' of Romans in Italy, but also likely contributed to the long-term endurance and success of the Roman state. The fall of the Western Roman Empire coincided with the first time the Romans actively excluded an influential foreign group within the empire, the barbarian and barbarian-descended generals of the 5th century, from Roman identity and access to the Roman imperial throne. [83] Later history [ edit ]

Vandiver Nicassio, Susan (2009). Imperial City: Rome under Napoleon. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-57973-3. Rhōmaîoi survived the fall of the Byzantine Empire as the primary self-designation of the Christian Greek inhabitants of the new Turkish Ottoman Empire. The popular historical memory of these Romans was not occupied with the glorious past of the Roman Empire of old or the Hellenism in the Byzantine Empire, but focused on legends of the fall and the loss of their Christian homeland and Constantinople. One such narrative was the myth that the last emperor, Constantine XI Palaiologos would one day return from the dead to reconquer the city, [139] a myth that endured in Greek folklore up until the time of the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) and beyond. [140]

Mosca, Matthew W. (2010). "Empire and the Circulation of Frontier Intelligence: Qing Conceptions of the Ottomans". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 70 (1): 147–207. doi: 10.1353/jas.0.0035. JSTOR 40602984. S2CID 161403630. See also: Legacy of the Roman Empire Proclamation in 1849 of the Roman Republic in Piazza del Popolo, Rome

In Byzantine writings up until at least the 12th century, the idea of the Roman "homeland" consistently referred not to Greece or Italy, but to the entire old Roman world. [127] [w] Despite this, the Romans of Byzantium were also aware that their present empire was no longer as powerful as it once had been, and that centuries of warfare and strife had left the Roman Empire reduced in territory and somewhat humbled. [129] Mathisen, Ralph W. (2012). "Clovis, Anastasius, and Political Status in 508 C.E.: The Frankish Aftermath of the Battle of Vouillé". In Mathisen, Ralph W.; Shanzer, Danuta (eds.). The Battle of Vouillé, 507 CE: Where France Began. De Gruyter. pp.79–110. doi: 10.1515/9781614510994.79. ISBN 978-1-61451-099-4.

Lavan, Myles (2016). "The Spread of Roman Citizenship, 14–212 CE: Quantification in the Face of High Uncertainty" (PDF). Past & Present. 230 (1): 3–46. doi: 10.1093/pastj/gtv043. hdl: 10023/12646. Stouraitis, Yannis (2018). "Byzantine Romanness: From geopolitical to ethnic conceptions". In Pohl, Walter; Gantner, Clemens; Grifoni, Cinzia; Pollheimer-Mohaupt, Marianne (eds.). Transformations of Romanness: Early Medieval Regions and Identities. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-059838-4.