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To make single-serve machines and pods more affordable, Nescafé established the Dolce Gusto in 2006. Blood was obtained from an intravenous catheter into tubes containing EDTA, heparin, or nothing depending on the analysis. Blood samples were centrifuged at 2400 g × 10 min at 4 °C, and supernatants were aliquoted and stored at − 80 °C until further processing. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS et al (1985) Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and ß-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 28:412–419. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00280883 Sustainability in coffee is complex. Lots of the carbon cost is in transport, so by some measures, the most efficient use of beans is instant coffee, where only a small amount of coffee is used per cup. But as that coffee tends to come from large farms growing cheaper beans, it can be a worse deal for farmers, and encourage types of farming that have a bigger impact on the environment. One solution could be reusable pods, where fresh coffee can be loaded into a Nespresso-friendly capsule, but at a significant cost to convenience. Defenders of pods say that as well as using a smaller volume of coffee, they use less energy, as the machine only heats the small amount of water needed for each serving. But until Nespresso pods can be included in household recycling, the figures on reuse are unlikely to improve. More eco-friendly competitors will continue to eat into Nespresso’s market share.
Pretty much everyone agrees that bringing Clooney on board was a masterstroke – except Gaillard. “It was a major mistake,” he told me. “When you select one person to do your branding, you put two stars on the screen – the product and the person. Thanks to Nespresso’s budget, Clooney became better known in Europe: he vampirised the brand.” After Gaillard’s reforms, Nespresso finally took off, but it is Favre who tends to take the plaudits as the creator. The story of the tinkerer playing with pipes and valves in his workshop is more appealing than the smooth corporate rebranding exercise. Gaillard is only too glad to correct the record. “Those who really know the story, know it was me,” he said. “Favre was a technician. He couldn’t run the business.” In 1990, after two years of struggle and personality clashes between the two men, Favre resigned, the result of what he described as a “coup d’etat”. It doesn’t take much to reopen the old wounds. “Gaillard is un diable,” Favre told me. In his version of the story, Gaillard was a brash operator who made his position unbearable. Wandering through the centre of Rome, Favre noticed a long queue snaking from a coffee bar near the Pantheon. Plenty of other cafes nearby used the same machines. What was it about this place, Favre wondered, that made it so special? Inside, the barista explained that other operators pumped the piston just once before releasing the coffee. But at Sant’Eustachio Il Caffè, the baristas pumped repeatedly. This meant they forced more water and air into the ground beans, which meant greater oxidisation, which drew out more flavour from the beans and produced more of a crema – the layer of foam formed on top of a good espresso. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee for Human Research for Parma Hospital and University (AZOSPR/0015693/6.2.2.) and was registered at clinicaltrials.gov on May 21, 2017 (as NCT03166540). Volunteers were recruited and enrolled between December 2016 and January 2017, and the study was completed in May 2017.
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Nespresso triumphed by selling itself as a sophisticated component of an elite, globalised lifestyle. Wherever you were in the world, you could be a Nespresso person, just as you could wear Nike trainers or use American Express. Now, as that lifestyle looks increasingly bankrupt, it is learning to be just another coffee company. Nespresso helped change the coffee world, but it seems as if the world has moved on. Nespresso argues its coffee has never been better, but the truth is that Nespresso has never really been about the coffee. When it comes to single-serve coffee, Nespresso machines are hard to beat, as they rank among the best coffee makers and best espresso machines for that purpose. While that’s partially due to the fact that there’s a wide range of flavors available, with plenty constantly being added, it also helps that Nespresso offers a wide range of machines. Maison du Café (L’Or) Espresso competes on both price and availability. France is the company’s second-largest market in the world, and since 2002, sales have more than doubled, increasing its market share from 16% to 25%. 4. Ethical Bean Coffee Although the entry-level machine and pods are priced similarly to Nespresso, the Tassimo machine’s advantage is its ability to brew a wide selection of beverages such as tea, hot chocolate, and hot milk.
Twenty-one healthy volunteers were recruited in the city of Parma, Italy, through announcements placed at the university, the hospital, and other public places. All subjects potentially involved in the intervention were informed of the details of the protocol. Those who agreed to participate were asked to sign a written informed consent before enrollment in the study. Information to the volunteers was provided before and separately from the consent form. Shang F, Li X, Jiang X (2016) Coffee consumption and risk of the metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab 42:80–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2015.09.001 Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo, Edif. 25, 30100, Murcia, SpainUnlike plastic, used by many of Nespresso’s rivals, aluminium is 100% recyclable, but there is a big difference between offering recycling facilities and getting consumers to use them. Nespresso says its global recycling rate is 30%, and that 91% of its users have access to one of its 100,000 collection points around the world. But some experts have suggested that just 5% of Nespresso pods are recycled. Even if Nespresso’s figure is accurate, with a conservative estimate of 14bn capsules being sold each year, and 0.9 grams of aluminium per capsule, that means 12,600 tonnes of Nespresso aluminium end up in landfill annually, enough for 60 Statues of Liberty. Martínez-López S, Sarriá B, Mateos R, Bravo-Clemente L (2019) Moderate consumption of a soluble green/roasted coffee rich in caffeoylquinic acids reduces cardiovascular risk markers: results from a randomized, cross-over, controlled trial in healthy and hypercholesterolemic subjects. Eur J Nutr 58:865–878. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-018-1726-x Turconi G, Roggi C (2007) Atlante Fotografico Alimentare: Uno strumento per le indagini nutrizionali. Edizioni Mediche Scientifiche Internazionali, Rome, Italy
In observational studies, coffee consumption has been inversely associated with risk of cardiovascular diseases, type-2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, in a dose–response manner [ 4, 5]. A recent umbrella review considering 128 meta-analyses of observational and randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) showed that coffee, most probably due to caffeine and other bioactive compounds, might play a role in the prevention of several chronic diseases [ 6]. The potential mechanisms underneath the biological effects of coffee are multiple and not yet fully described. Among the bioactives, CGAs have been hypothesized to exert a specific competitive inhibition of the glucose-6-phosphate translocase in rat liver microsomes [ 7] or, at cellular level, they are able to activate adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase [ 8], leading to a regulation of the blood glucose homeostasis and inhibition of lipid synthesis. Furthermore, it has been shown that CGAs and trigonelline can negatively interfere with the gene expression of pathways involving NADPH oxidases and electron chain transport in the mitochondria, leading to an improvement of insulin sensitivity [ 9]. CGAs’ supplementation in diabetic rats was associated with a significant decrease of plasma of lipids, LDL- and total cholesterol, and lipid-related enzymes, possibly by a direct action on enzymes such as 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A and lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase [ 10]. Height was measured during the enrollment phase with a stadiometer (Seca 200, Seca, Hamburg, Germany). Weight was measured at every visit, with subjects wearing light clothing and without shoes to the nearest 0.1 kg on a mechanical column scale (Seca 700, Seca, Hamburg, Germany). Height and weight were used to measure the BMI, expressed as kg/m 2. Waist circumference was measured during every visit at the midpoint between the lower margin of the least palpable rib and the top of the iliac crest, while the subject was standing, using a stretch-resistant tape. To avoid subjective errors, all these measurements were performed by the same operator. Blood pressure monitoring The main difference between the two types of Nespresso capsules, Original and Vertuo, is that the former brews espresso, while the latter brews espresso and larger coffee-style drinks. The capsules are not cross-compatible, so Original capsules only work in Original machines and vice versa. For prospective buyers, deciding which type to go with largely comes down to personal preference. Nespresso manufactures a similar number of Original and Vertuo capsules, but third-party brands are allowed to sell capsules that work with Original machines, which gives that category more flavor options and the chance for cheaper prices. Vertuo capsules, on the other hand, offer a wider variety of drink options, from espresso to cappuccinos to 14-ounce drip-style coffee. On the basis of reported consumption of test products with the use of food diaries, the median compliance was 100% in the three intervention arms. As previously reported [ 16], the sample size was calculated by considering as primary outcome the daily average concentration of a coffee-derived plasma circulating phenolic metabolite. In detail, 15 subjects had to complete an acute intervention to detect a change of 600 nmol/h/L −1 in dihydrocaffeic acid-3′-sulfate plasma concentration with a standard deviation (SD) of 870 nmol/h/L −1 (α error of 0.05, 80% power, and two-sided testing). Sample size was not calculated for secondary outcomes. However, the sample size was preliminarily estimated as appropriate for all the secondary outcomes, since it reflected the sample size considered in other RCTs that evaluated the effects of coffee intake on the same markers [ 22, 23, 24]. A post hoc calculation was also carried out to understand the actual power for each variable.Coffee connoisseurs love illy since they use 100% Arabica beans, which most drinkers favor. The majority of other brands mix Arabica and Robusta. 6. Lavazza At the University of Oxford, Prof Charles Spence, head of the Crossmodal Research Lab, has studied how much your experience of coffee is shaped by the way it is presented. In Nespresso adverts, he observed, coffee is almost always displayed in a transparent glass, with a crown of light crema on top of the drink. “It starts to look almost like a pint of Guinness,” Spence said. “Coffee doesn’t come with the visual variation you get in tea or wine – it’s all pretty much the same colour, so perhaps you have to show it with the crema.” (The crema is key to the mythology of espresso. Legend has it that the Italian company Gaggia coined the term in the 30s, rebranding something customers had previously thought of as “scum” on the top of their drink as “caffe creme”, a coffee so fine it made its own froth.) Ispirazione Ristretto Italiano capsules are designed for OriginalLine machines, and there is a decaffeinated version available for those who want rich taste without the jitters. Steffen M, Kuhle C, Hensrud D et al (2012) The effect of coffee consumption on blood pressure and the development of hypertension. J Hypertens 30:2245–2254. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283588d73
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